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artschoolglasses · 13 days

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Gold hairnet, Ptolemaic, 225-175 BCE

From the Getty Villa Museum

#hairnet #gold #fashion #fashion history #accessory #history #225 bce #200s bce #175 bce #100s bce #bce #ancient #ptolemaic #ancient greek #ancient egyptian #greek #egyptian #ancient greece #ancient egypt

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just-late-roman-republic-things · 4 months

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Notes on Roman demography:

It's really, really hard to estimate how many people lived in Rome or in Italy as a whole. In republican times, the census only counted free adult men.

Augustus' census recorded 4 million people in Italy, but we don't know how to interpret this number. If it's like earlier censuses (male citizens only), it implies a total population of around 10 million, and a big surge in the last 200 years.

But our literary sources almost all imply the population was stagnating or declining due to the wars and famines of the 1st century BCE, and Augustus himself thought the population was declining.

So, most historians now think the 4 million number does include all Roman citizens in Italy, male and female. If so, this is indeed a decrease from the 4.5 million we've estimated for 225 BCE, based on Polybius' account of the Second Punic War.

Losing over 11% of the population, even after adding new citizens through manumission, immigration and colony-founding, would have had massive effects on politics. (It's the equivalent of the USA losing 37 million people.) This may have made the surviving Romans more willing to accept Augustus' autocratic rule, which at least promised stability. It might have offered career opportunities to new men like Cicero and Marcus Agrippa as the ranks of the nobility were thinned. And I strongly suspect it contributed to Augustus' notorious marriage laws, which unsuccessfully tried to incentivize having more kids.

I also wonder if high mortality rates are part of the reason Rome was so open to integrating foreigners as citizens. Rome was at war nearly every year, and in the Second Punic War (for instance) lost over 25% of its adult male population in battles. (1)

However! Rome's slow recovery during and after the Augustan age, plus greater economic mobility, helped the population bounce back, reaching a high around 120 CE of 1 million in Rome and ~75 million for the empire as a whole. (2)

(The population and economy got so big we can see traces of it in polar ice cores - they raised Earth's carbon dioxide levels!) (3)

Life expectancy at birth was probably around 25-35. Half of all children probably died before the age of 10, but if you lived past that, it wasn't unusual to reach your 50s or 60s.

Slaves made up somewhere between 20-33% of the population of the late republic. (4)

Freedmen made up another big chunk. The highest estimate I've seen was 50% in Rome itself; lowest is around 20-25%. But in any case, there were a lot. (4)

Due to such high child mortality, and adult mortality due to war and disease, the average Roman woman gave birth around nine times. This partly accounts for why Roman girls were married off in their teens. The age gap between first-time brides and their husbands, and the number of pregnancies and children, were major systemic factors that kept Roman women subjugated under patriarchy. (5)

Adrian Goldsworthy, Antony and Cleopatra

Walter Scheidel, "Demography," The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World.

Mary Beard, Meet the Romans (documentary series)

Erich Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic

Mary Beard, SPQR

The rest comes from Neville Morley's "Social Structure and Demography," in A Companion to the Roman Republic, ed. Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx.

#my epubs make it hard to cite page numbers but poke me if you need a quote to ctrl+F #roman demography #neville morley #social structure and demography #a companion to the roman republic #jlrrt reads

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tsalmu · 8 months

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Statue of Aramean King Hadad-Adyisi of Gozana Sikan (Tell Fakhariyeh, Syria) c. 850 CE Current location: National Museum of Damascus Source: Syrie. Mémoire et Civilisation. Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, Flammarion, 1993, p. 260, n o 225. "In northeastern Syria in 1979, a farmer discovered a life-size basalt statue while he was plowing his field near Tell Fakhariyeh, ancient Sikan, on the shores of the Habur River. It was identified as a statue of the governor of Gozan named Had-Yith’i. There is a bilingual inscription in Akkadian and Aramaic. On the front of his skirt are 38 lines of Assyrian cuneiform, and on his back are 23 lines of alphabetic Aramaic. The Aramaic script has a surprisingly archaic appearance, but the artistic style and the appearance of the cuneiform signs, date to about mid-ninth century BCE. The writing presents the oldest known Aramaic inscription of substantial length. It also shows the Assyrian domination of the Habur Valley in this period. The text commemorates the installation of the statue of Had-Yith’i in the temple of the god Hadad of Sikan.

The dedication is presented twice, in both the Akkadian and Aramaic versions. In the Aramaic text, the first dedication reads:

The statue which Had-Yith’i set up before Hadad of Sikan, the canal-supervisor of heaven and earth, who showers abundance, and who gives pasture and watering places to all the lands, and who gives portions and offerings ‘to all the gods, his brothers; the supervisor of all the rivers, who provides for all the lands; the compassionate god whose prayer is good, [and] who dwells in Sikan, the great lord, the lord of Had-Yith’i, king of Gozan of Sassnuri, king of Gozan for the preservation of his life, for the lengthening of his days, for the abundance of his years, for the well-being of his house, for the well being of his offspring, for the well-being of his people, and for removing sickness from him, hearing his prayer and accepting of the utterance of his mouth, [Had-of Sikan]." - Source

#aram #aramea #aramean costume #king #human #inscription

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whencyclopedia · 10 months

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Philo of Byzantium's On the Seven Wonders

Philo of Byzantium's On the Seven Wonders (225 BCE) is the first known list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (though it may have been based on earlier works now lost). Philo's list differs from the standard Seven Wonders in replacing the Lighthouse at Alexandria with the Walls of Babylon.

#TheSevenWonders #ColossusOfRhodes #HistoryFacts #History

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trialsinthelateromanrepublic · 11 months

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trial of Gaius Cornelius

date: 65 BCE charge: lex Cornelia de maiestate (illegal actions as tr. pl. 67) defendant: C. Cornelius tr. pl. 67 advocate: M. Tullius Cicero cos. 63 (Sch. 76-77) prosecutors: C. (or L.?) Cominius of Spoletium (subscr.) (ORF 143/144.II) P. Cominius of Spoletium(nom. del.) (ORF 143/144.II) praetor: Q. Gallius witnesses: Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianuscos. 77, princeps sen.? 70, cens.? 64 Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius cos. 80 Q. Hortensius Hortalus cos. 69 (ORF 92.XII) Q. Lutatius Catulus cos. 78, cens. 65 (ORF 96.V) P. Servilius Globulus tr. pl. 67 M. Terentius Varro Lucullus cos. 734 (ORF 91.II) other: two actiones, four days of defense

Cic. Orat. 225; V. Max. 8.5.4; Asc. 57-81C; Quint. Inst. 5.13.18, 6.5.10, 8.3.3, 10.5.13; Plin. Ep. 1.20.8; see also Cic. Brut. 271

#tagamemnon

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mysterycharacterbracket · 2 months

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Tier 2 Recap

256. 254. Andrew Ryan from Buoshck

255. 216. Nyssa õf Traken from Doctor who

254. 228. Asha from Iji

253. 22. Whisper Schnee from Boldores and Boomsticks

252. 253. Chuuya Nakahara from Bungou stray dogs

251. 18. Mapleshade from warrior cats

250. 190. Andrew Eldritch from real life

249. 120. sans undertale from undertale

248. 219. T-Rex from Jurassic Park

247. 141. Karkat Vantas from Homestuck

246. 53. Rasputin IV from X-Men

245. 20. Hunter | The Golden Guard from The Owl House

244. 7. Kim Dokja from Omniscient Reader's Viewpoint

243. 50. Death from Darksiders

242. 266. Dave Miller from Dsaf

241. 174. Dr. Miranda Jones from Star Trek: The Original Series

240. 274. donquixote doflamingo from one piece

239. 92. Hyakunosuke Ogata from Golden Kamuy

238. 11. Kha'Nel from Dragens Øye

237. 139. George Costanza from Seinfeld

236. 121. Rampage from Beast Wars

235. 62. ε (epsilon) from Mathematics, real life (kinda? Not sure maths qualifies as real life) ) (common phrase: Let ε>0 be any real number)

234. 134. BoJack Horseman from BoJack Horseman

233. 291. Juleka Couffaine from Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Chat Noir

232. 129. Flavio Rezza (MC Flava) from real life

231. 215. Goodtimewithscar or Scar for short (the minecraft youtuber)

230. 186. Percy Weasley from Harry Potter

229. 170. claude frollo from the hunchback of notre dame (specifically the stage musical)

228. 217. Grian from Life Series (3rd/Last/Double/Limited Life)

227. 168. the submitter from real life

226. 269. Mizi from Alien Stage

225. 96. Robin Stuart from Arc of Infinity (Doctor Who)

224. 172. Tessa Minsky from Imogen, Obviously

223. 267. Ea-nasir (real life copper merchant - 1750 BCE)

222. 37. Kokichi Ouma from Danganronpa V3

221. 147. Rose Lavillant from Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Chat Noir

220. 135. Fiver from Watership down

219. 251. Keith Kogane from Voltron

218. 63. Cricket from Wings of Fire

217. 146. Adric of Alzarius from Doctor Who

216. 177. Mort from the Madagascar Movies/All Hail King Julian

215. 59. Edward Elric from Fullmetal metal alchemist

214. 290. Jimmy Solidarity from The Empires smp

213. 259. rayla from the dragon prince

212. 205. Starfy from The Legendary Starfy

211. 232. Taako from The Adventure Zone

210. 188. Hatsune Miku from Vocaloid

209/208. 182. Matt Murdock from Daredevil (Netflix)

209/208. 107. Ted Kord from DC comics

207. 86. Juleka Couffaine from Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Chat Noir

206. 27. Sailor Saturn from Sailor Moon

205. 197. Marc Anciel from Miraculous Ladybug

204. 159. Yona from Yona of the Dawn

203. 220. David Chiem from Danganronpa: Despair Time

202. 125. Tynan from Aurora Webcomic

201. 169. Kid Blink from Newsies

200. 128. π (pi) from Mathematics (as in half a circle of radius 1)

199. 275. Zee from Total Drama 2023

198. 278. Flynn Moore from Echo (the furry vn)

197. 270. Caim Tivh from Mørkalven

196. 195. Grendel, The Grimm General from Boldores and Boomsticks

195. 280. Hermie the Unworthy from Dungeons and Daddies

194. 181. Ebony Dark'ness Dementia Raven Way from My Immortal

193. 247. Monkey D Luffy from One Piece

#mystery character bracket #character review

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paganimagevault · 2 years

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The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 8th C. BCE.

"Those who first built temples to the Gods . . . Otrera, an Amazon, wife of Mars [Ares], first founded the temple of Diana [Artemis] at Ephesus."

-Hyginus, Fabulae 225

#artemis #ancient greece #antiquities #history #amazons #otrera #wonders of the world #literature #ares #pagan #paganism #temple #museums #asia minor

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ao3feed-ineffablehusbandz · 1 year

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The Grace in Your Eyes

by LiraelClayr007

Crowley and Aziraphale run into each other in Ancient Greece. They're both taking a little time off, to enjoy the evening's entertainment, and decide they might as well sit together...

Words: 225, Chapters: 1/1, Language: English

Series: Part 29 of NaPoWriMo2023

Fandoms: Good Omens - Neil Gaiman & Terry Pratchett

Rating: General Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: M/M

Characters: Aziraphale (Good Omens), Crowley (Good Omens)

Relationships: Aziraphale/Crowley (Good Omens)

Additional Tags: Mentioned Sappho (fl. 600 BCE), Chance Meetings, Ancient Greece, Fluff, Poetry

From https://ift.tt/s86GFE5 https://archiveofourown.org/works/46839829

#ao3feed ineffablehusbandz #ineffable husbands #good omens #aziraphale #crowley #anthonyjcrowl

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whats-in-a-sentence · 10 days

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In the ruins of northern China in the 380s the Xianbei set up their own state, called Northern Wei.*

*Once again, the terminology is confusing. The Xianbei borrowed their name from the ancient kingdom of Wei (445-225 BCE) mentioned in Chapter 5. To distinguish the Xianbei state from the earlier kingdom, some historians call it Tuoba Wei (named after the Xianbei clan that ran the state); others prefer Northern Wei, the usage I follow here.

"Why the West Rules – For Now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future" - Ian Morris

#book quotes #why the west rules – for now #ian morris #nonfiction #ruins #northern china #4th century #xianbei #northern wei #tuoba wei #chinese history

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travellogforgreece · 1 year

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Ancient Greek Olympics (494 BCE)

The Ancient Olympic Games were a meaningful athletics event usually held in ancient Olympia. For the Greeks, it was a ceremonial event with tradition for many centuries. Pausanias' "Descriptions of Greece," how he describes some practices and rules in the Games, can show you what the Greeks were like regarding gender and sex roles. For example, a mountain before you cross the Alpheus is called Mount Typaeum. According to Pausanias, it is a "law of Elis to cast down it any women who are caught present at the Olympic games…" (Pausanias). It does not surprise me, as women did not have much of a role in the government or anything in ancient Greek society.

Oh, yeah, I forgot to mention that while we were watching the speech from Aeschines, the tall, lanky man in the trench coat and the matrix-looking sunglasses gave me an option to either take a red or blue pill to get my time machine back (he told me he was the CEO of Time, which is why he allowed me to get my time machine back). So, of course, I chose the blue pill because blue was the same color as my time machine! (and no, I did not steal the Doctor Who machine). So I decided to go to the Ancient Olympic Games in 394 BCE to try and enjoy some games. Like "Western Society" does the Olympics, the Greeks held them every four years between August 6 and September 19.

While traveling to Olympia, it was a beautiful, warm sunny day near Olympia. The grass fields and farmers' markets full of vegetables and fruits attracted me to try Greece's favorite foods. I decided to stop by a market near a farm filled with numerous hunched-back people struggling to hoe the grass under the heat. They resembled slave behaviors, so I decided to speak to one of them after getting my vegetables.

After getting my vegetables, which were fresh asparagus, cardoons, celery, fennel, cabbage, and onions, I decided to walk over to one of the enslaved people and ask them a few questions. An enslaved person named Angelo told me about his experience in agricultural labor near Olympia and the different Greek city-states, as Olympia has not been his first stop. He told me about certain farming practices and keeping the crops healthy, but he could not ignore the work part. He told me there was a "point of considerable stress during the agrarian cycle" when the farmers came under pressure to collect, process, and store crops before harvesting season ended (McHugh 208). I thanked him for his input into life, as I already knew from research that most of the evidence of communal labor, especially amongst the farmers during the Classical period, was lacking mainly due to no evidence. Historians have yet to find no evidence because of various factors, including education, social structure, and class structure.

After meeting with the farmer and getting my vegetables, I headed to the Colosseum. However, the games shut down when I arrived, as the Romans took over and thought the event was "pagan." The Romans allowed the games to go on, but the activities and everyday events which made the Games destroyed the value of the cultural phenomenon. It was a travesty to see how the event went down. From talking to the farmer to seeing how the Romans treated the Games were all confirmation that Greece was slowly losing its civilization, and I was unsure how the society would survive for the following centuries.

Sources:

Internet History Sourcebooks. (n.d.). https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/greekgames.asp

McHugh, M. (2019). To reap a rich harvest: experiencing agricultural labour in ancient Greece. World Archaeology, 51(2), 208–225. http://eznvcc.vccs.edu:2048/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=141659997&site=ehost-live&scope=site

(n.d.-b). The Academy Of Athens. Theoi Texts Library. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1C.html

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tonkitrip · 2 years

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Ancient cloudwing mount to buy

ANCIENT CLOUDWING MOUNT TO BUY HOW TO

Once when he was staying with Tian Fen, the marquis of Wu'an, and was drinking with the marquis and his friends, he told one of the guests, an old man of over ninety, that he had gone with the man's grandfather to such and such a place to practise archery. 131 BCE), who was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Wu'an in 141 BCE. The former describes him at a party given by Empress Wang Zhi's half-brother Tian Fen (田蚡, d. The Shiji context continues with two "self-authenticating" (Campany 2009: 146) stories about Li Shaojunbeing able to recall incidents of the distant past (Loewe 2000: 227). Compare the 2nd-century BCE fangshi spiritualist mentioned below, Li Shaoweng (李少翁, Li the Youthful Old Man) (Campany 2002: 225). 151 BCE), the younger brother of Empress Dou. Li (李, plum) is a very common Chinese surname and Shaojun (少君, Youthful Lord) is a courtesy name-also used by Dou Shaojun (竇少君) or Dou Guangguo (竇廣國, d. Since Li intentionally kept his birthplace and age secret, little is certain about his life, even his name is a pseudonym: Li the Youthful Lord (Campany 2009: 117). Wu (物, thing, matter, phenomenon), interpreted as guiwu (鬼物, ghosts spirits divine beings), Some commentators and most translators take wu here to mean guiwu, ghosts and spirits, but we follow those who interpret it as yaowu, chemical substances and drugs. Despeux 2008:233).īurton Watson translates shiwu (使物) as " make the spirits serve him" and "command the spirits", interpreting wu (物, thing, matter, phenomenon) as guiwu (鬼物, ghosts spirits divine beings) Joseph Needham translates "using natural substances to bring about perpetual youth", interpreting wu as yaowu (藥物, medicines drugs) (1976: 29).

ANCIENT CLOUDWING MOUNT TO BUY HOW TO

carrying on alchemical practices), and knew how to live without (eating) cereals and without growing old" (Needham 1976: 29), and "method of worshipping the furnace and abstaining from cereals to prevent old age" (tr. Watson 1961: 25)Ĭompare alternate translations of "art of making offerings to the (spirit of the) Furnace (i.e. He relied wholly on his ability to work magic and was clever at making pronouncements that were later found to have been curiously apt. Impressed that he seemed to enjoy such affluence without engaging in any business, and also not knowing where he was from, people put even greater faith in his claims and vied with each other in waiting on him. When people heard of his power to command the spirits and drive away death they showered him with a constant stream of presents, so that he always had more than enough food and clothing and money. Claiming that he could make the spirits serve him and prevent old age, he travelled about to the courts of the various feudal lords, expounding his magic. He kept his real age and place of birth a secret, always telling people that he was seventy years old. Li Shaojun had formerly been a retainer of the marquis of Shenze and specialized in magical arts. The emperor treated him with great respect. It was at this time also that Li Shaojun appeared before the emperor to expound the worship of the god of the fireplace and explain his theories on how to achieve immortality through dietary restrictions. Li does not name which furnace gods to worship, but the Stove God Zaoshen is traditionally associated both with alchemy and bigu, in Chinese raw/cooked logic, since cereal grains were cooked on the stove. The Liji narrative about Li Shaojun begins with his intentionally obscure origins and introduction to Emperor Wu, to whom he recommends cizao (祠灶, sacrifice to the furnace/stove) and gudao (穀道, the Way of grains, aka bigu 辟穀, Daoist grain avoidance) as methods to attain longevity/immortality. Debaters were divided between two factions, the fangshi maintained that Wu should emulate the Yellow Emperor, their main deity, who obtained immortality through performing the rituals, while the Confucianist court officials such as Gongsun Hong suggested that the emperor should only express gratitude to Heaven and Earth (Pregadio 2006: 30). The Shiji chronicles Li Shaojun as part of a lengthy debate on whether and how Emperor Wu should perform the Feng (封) and Shan (禪) state rituals on Mount Tai in honor of Heaven and Earth. In the early history of Chinese waidan (External Alchemy), Li is the only fangshi whose role is documented by both historical (for instance, Shiji) and alchemical ( Baopuzi) sources. 133 BCE) was a fangshi (master of esoterica), reputed xian (transcendent immortal), retainer of Emperor Wu of Han, and the earliest known Chinese alchemist. Li Shaojun ( Chinese: 李少君 Wade–Giles: Li Shao-chün, fl. ( October 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Parenthetical referencing has been deprecated convert to shortened footnotes. Please improve this article by correcting them. This article includes inline citations, but they are not properly formatted.

#Ancient cloudwing mount to buy

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artschoolglasses · 9 days

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Diadem, Ptolemaic, 225-175 BCE

Gold, glass paste, bone or pearl, garnet, cornelian, and moonstone

From the Getty Villa Museum

#diadem #gold #fashion #fashion history #accessory #history #225 bce #200s bce #175 bce #100s bce #bce #ancient #ptolemaic #ancient greek #ancient egyptian #greek #egyptian #ancient greece #ancient egypt

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portal-of-roses · 3 years

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Aspects of the Hearth: Practicalities

While it is by no surprise that the hearth has multiple functions, it is even less of a surprise that the basic functions are simply cooking, warmth as well as being a light source. It is said in The Hearth as a Place of Refuge in Ancient greece that hominins invented the hearth structure to contain fire so that they might eat when hungry, warm themselves when cold and have a place to congregate when dark. Food is very important no matter where you go and having a way to cook it in order to curve the probability of developing food poisoning is a good reason to have a hearth. A good replacement in the modern day is the stove that is easily found in every home.

The importance of eating at the hearth was “...an old cult tradition extending back at least to Mycenaean times...” (Guess whos coming to Dinner: Cross). We can take this as further proof that the hearth had a larger position in Greek life than let on by its lack of mention outside of the religious aspects. Although this quote is more so relating to the political side, it still is useful in our studies on practicalities. Later on and in certain areas, the hearth was replaced with the brazier. At least in the cooking and warming the home as the homes grew larger. (See Fire and Smoke for more on the Brazier.)

A good replication of the hearth as a warmth feature would be the modern fireplace or outdoor fire pit. Both providing light, one cannot forget the modern light bulb, although I wouldn’t recommend giving one as an offering to Lady Hestia.

Over all hearths were simply places to cook your food and get warm while being around loved ones! Sources: Cross, Nicholas D. “The Hearth as a Place of Refuge in Ancient Greece.” Pallas (2020): 107–123.

Cross, Nicholas D. “Guess Who's Coming to Dinner: Hestia, Hospitality, and Interstate Relations in Fourth-Century BCE Athens.” First and Last: A Devotional for Hestia (2017): 102–117.

Tsakirgis, Barbara. “Fire and Smoke: Hearths, Braziers and Chimneys in the Greek House.” British School at Athens Studies, vol. 15, 2007, pp. 225–231. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40960591.

#hearth #fire #cooking #aspects of the hearth #practicalities #hestia #hestia worship #hellenic polytheism #helpol

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whencyclopedia · 3 years

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THE Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were:

the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt

the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece

the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

the Colossus of Rhodes

the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt

The Seven Wonders were first defined as themata for Hellenic sightseers (Greek for 'things to be seen' which, in today's common English, we would phrase as 'must-sees') by Philo of Byzantium in 225 BCE, in his work On The Seven Wonders. Other writers on the Seven Wonders include Herodotus, Callimachus of Cyrene, and Antipater of Sidon. Of the original seven, only the Great Pyramid exists today.